So the doctrine of fair use creates a legal opening for copyrighted material to be remixed and repurposed, as long as the new use is derivative of the original and does not create economic competition for the copyright holders. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a wholeĤ. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit or educational purposesģ. Since there is no standing legal decision on whether or not specifically creating a GIF from copyrighted material is technically infringement, these four factors are all taken into account when determining fair use:ġ. 'Like free speech, they wanted it to have an expansive meaning that could be open to interpretation.' According to Jeff John Roberts of Fortune, GIFs can be considered 'transformative' under copyright law because they do not undermine the market for the original work: 'No one, for instance, is going to watch a Star Wars GIF instead of the original movie.'Īttorney Rich Stim says the judges and lawmakers who created the fair use exception did not want to limit its definition. Generally, something is considered fair use when the original material is used for a limited and 'transformative' purpose, such as commentary, criticism or parody. case that definitively states whether creating a GIF made from copyrighted material is or isn’t copyright infringement.” Because of this, whether or not usage of a GIF is legal depends on whether or not that usage falls under the doctrine of ‘fair use.’'įair use is determined not only by the nature of the GIF, but also by who created it and its intended purpose.  According to Peter Van Valkenburgh, 'As of October 2013, there is no U.S. Individuals often make and share GIFs with little concern for the repercussions, but companies - and legislative bodies - need to be aware of copyright restrictions. This usage undermines the copyright owner’s ability to control derivatives of their work, where or how their work is shared, and their right to receive proceeds.  The trouble lies in using someone else’s original content to create and share a GIF.

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The map shown here provides Ultimate Design Wind Speeds for risk category 2 buildings. RC 2 covers what are generally regarded as “ordinary” structures. Risk Category takes into account occupancy and use-we’ll discuss that more in a bit. IBC 2015 considers four risk categories (RC) ranging from lowest to highest hazard to human health.  Figure 1 shows a map taken from IBC 2015. The location of a building determines the wind speed that is used to determine the uplift loads. Let’s discuss each of the six factors in more detail And who says complying with the bare minimum is the correct choice? However, some of these factors can be “in the eye of the beholder,” and a designer’s level of conservatism may come into play. Exposure should be easily determinable because it is based on a building’s relative location to adjacent surroundings. Location and applicable code are fixed, as are the buildings dimensions-length, width, and height.  It would appear that the factors for wind design are all fixed and not debatable, but there are presumptions made during the wind design of every roof. The uplift loads acting on a roof are influenced by a number of factors-geographic location, the local building code, dimensions, exposure, use and occupancy (aka risk factor), and type. Roofs need to resist the uplift loads acting on the roof. In the roofing industry, one of the most important aspects of roof system design is wind resistance.

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